Cites & insights Crawford at large.

              Cites & Insights April 2011 1

Cites & Insights

Crawford at Large

Libraries • Policy • Technology • Media

Volume 11, Number 4: April 2011 ISSN 1534- 0937 Walt Crawford

Perspective

Writing about Reading

It’s been more than a year since WRITING ABOUT READING 5 and more than two years since the series began. Time to drop the sequential numbering and start over. When it comes to ebooks and ereaders— the primary focus of WRITING ABOUT READING 3— I’ve tried to carve out discussions that seem most relevant to reading and the nature of books and writing, leaving other aspects for other essays.

It may make sense to start by repeating and updating some of my beliefs and biases in this area, previously summarized in WRITING ABOUT READING 3 ( C& I 9: 9, August 2009). In case it isn’t obvious, for nearly all of these segments the left- aligned head- ing in italics is the title of the post or article being discussed, which is why that title doesn’t appear in quotation marks within the discussion.

Beliefs and Biases

Some of my beliefs and biases about the present and future of reading and writing:

 I’m biased against those who believe they are the world— the “ we all” that springs from personal experience or anecdata. I’m biased against “ we all” in general. There are times I’d love to be brave enough to jump up in conference programs and shout “ Bullshit!” as soon as someone says “ We all”— because unless they’re talking about death, what comes next will almost certainly be wrong.

 I do not believe print books and the long narrative form are endangered— not by ali- teracy, not by attention deficit preference, certainly not by ebooks.

 I believe, and have long said, that ebooks and ebook readers can and should have sub- stantial markets where they do the job bet-

ter than print books, without necessarily displacing the majority of print books.

 I regard “ inevitable” as a nonsensical and da- maging argument. It isn’t “ inevitable” that print books will disappear because digital transmission is cheaper. It’s never been inevit- able that a new medium entirely displaces an older medium: That’s the exception, not the norm. I also have a simple reaction when someone dismisses questioning of new tech- nology or changes on the basis that such ques- tioning has, sometimes, been wrong in the past. That isn’t an argument; it’s sloganeering.

 I don’t have a horse in this race. I buy few print books, and most of those I do buy are mass- market paperbacks. If people decide they pre- fer ebooks, more power to them. I read quite a few library books, in print form. I don’t travel enough to be a target customer for ebook readers at present.

Inside This Issue

Trends & Quick Takes .................................................. 24

The CD- ROM Project .................................................... 27

My Back Pages .............................................................. 30

 I do not believe long- form narrative is inhe- rently superior for all purposes. I’m certain it isn’t. I do believe book- length fiction and nonfiction continue to be important as one element of reading and media and that long- form narrative is an unusually good way to communicate difficult and subtle topics.

 I believe textual narrative works exception- ally well for many forms of stories and is un- likely to be replaced by multimedia forms— and I also believe some people will find more effective ways to tell stories effectively using multimedia, complementing rather than replacing text.

 I don’t believe there’s a “ post- print generation” or that people in general have lost their ability Cites & Insights April 2011 2

to read long forms or pay attention. I do be- lieve long- form reading has never been a uni- versal pursuit and that many people change over time in terms of whether and how often they read books and other long forms.

 Reading itself is not endangered. That’s not a belief so much as a fact. Increasing diversi- ty in forms of writing and methods of read- ing seems likely to continue in the future as it has in the past, and that’s a good thing.

Now, on to some of what’s being said— sometimes going back two or three years.

Just the Facts

We begin with a few items that are not particularly argumentative but that attempt to lay out assump- tions or facts about aspects of writing and reading.

Assumptions about eReaders, Books, Reading

This long list of “ various assumptions different companies and readers are making” appeared No- vember 11, 2009 on Kindle Review ( ireaderre- view. com), posted by “ switch11.” There’s one enormously argumentative statement at the very end, but the lists of assumptions are valuable and in many cases still applicable. Note the introduction:

Here are various assumptions different companies and readers are making. It’s just a list because a lot of the dissent and confusion stems from people assuming things rather than finding facts. Admit- tedly in some cases there are no facts.

Of course, these might be correct assumptions ;)

I’m tempted to quote the whole post— 69 num- bered items in eight lists— but that would be a bla- tant copyright violation and a mess, since I’d be tempted to comment on each one. I refer you to the post itself. Here are a few where I think ques- tionable assumptions are being made ( my com- ments in italics)— emphases added:

Assumptions Publishers are making

1. They are as valuable as they used to be.

2. Their business model can continue as is. ( I doubt many publishers really believe this.)

8. Removing lending and used books is good for them.

Assumptions Authors are making

1. Readers will think about what’s best for reading and not be seduced by temptations.

2. They can make a living writing. ( Some, indeed many, authors know better.)

8. They can be free of Publishers ( some of them do want it).

Assumptions Amazon is making

2. The future of books is ebooks. ( I’m nearly 100% certain Amazon does not believe this.)

8. They can shift Publishers over to $ 9.99 prices.

9. They can become the platform for all of Pub- lishing. ( I doubt Amazon believes this anymore— and should note that Amazon sells a lot of stuff besides books and ebooks.)

10. They can create a replacement for paper. ( See # 2: I don’t buy this.)

Assumptions Google is making

1. They can add even more Enemies and not be af- fected in the long- term.

7. They can make Android the default OS for eReaders. ( Really? Is Google that ambitious? Schmidt maybe, but Google?)

Assumptions eReader and eBook Companies are making

3. eReaders will be a big enough market to sustain 5- 10 companies long- term.

4. eBooks are the future of Books. ( Some compa- nies aren’t quite so simplistic.)

Assumptions Readers are Making

1. Half are assuming eBooks cost $ 1 or $ 2 to make.

3. Many are assuming printing takes up half or more of the price of books.

5. There is such a thing as Free Lunch.

The Future

1. Quality will not suffer as prices go down. ( Real- ly? Who believes that?)

The writer doesn’t mention libraries at all, but that’s scarcely surprising. Here’s the wildly argu- mentative final statement, “ the biggest takeaway for me”:

If we don’t establish a $ 10 price for ebooks, Books as we know them are going to die out— both the quality and the art form.

I find it hard to believe even an ebook absolutist could make that assertion. Oddly enough, there was only one comment. Perhaps only ebook abso- lutists read this blog?

E- books: Understanding the Basics

This seven- page PDF by Jane Lee of the California Digital Library appeared in June 2009 and can be found at www. cdlib. org/ services/ uxdesign/ docs/ 2009/ e- book_ basics_ june2009. pdf. If there’s a newer version, I can’t find it. It’s a very good discussion of what ebooks are about ( albeit presented in an ugly sans Cites & Insights April 2011 3

typeface), although it’s not without its own ques- tionable assertions, e. g.:

Some will argue that no matter how comfortable people get with reading from a screen or how ad- vanced e- book technology becomes, e- books will never equal a traditional, printed book. They are right.

But, it doesn’t matter.

“ It doesn’t matter”? Really? The next paragraph suggests that there’s a missing “ in the context of this discussion” at the end of that startling four- word paragraph ( emphasis added):

The central question is not whether people will or should choose e- books over traditional printed and bound books. The central question is how are we, especially in the academic community, going to respond to this emerging technology and mar- ket in order to serve our patrons.

This is followed by excellent discussions of ebook advantages for reading, some of the disadvantages, and the formats available as of April 2009. Then comes “ Will e- books make printed books obso- lete?” and we get a “ some” vs. “ all” problem right in the first sentence:

Everyone seems to have an opinion about this, and the arguments against the adoption of ebooks tend to fall into several categories.

These are two different issues. I support the adop- tion of ebooks ( not that it’s any of my busi- ness)… and I don’t believe ebooks will make printed books obsolete. Unless you believe there can Only Be One Reading Technology, there’s no connection between the two. The extreme scena- rios that follow are much subtler— addressing the need of academic libraries to support academic researchers with whatever media make most sense.

I have very little disagreement with Lee’s final paragraph:

For academic libraries, the rise of e- books high- lights the struggle to offer services that address the increasing demand for electronic resources while maintaining legacy collections. There will be ques- tions and arguments about the future of books and the role that academic libraries must fulfill, but we must stay focused on the central question. Our ma- terials and methods may change, but our mission remains the same. We exist to support scholar- ship— whatever form it takes.

I wonder whether the largest academic libraries ( of which UC has several) have missions that go beyond “ support scholarship,” but if you define scholarship broadly enough, maybe that’s a quib- ble. In any case, this is a fine short article, still of- fering good explication in 2011.

What impact do page and font size have on reading?

Another one from Kindle Review, this time dated March 27, 2010; take “ switch11”‘ s ebook- über- alles bias as a given. These supposed research findings are mostly about reading from the screen, includ- ing Kindles. There are ten claimed main findings and the author notes that most research isn’t ex- tensive and some is hidden behind paywalls.

I’d regard some as nearly obvious. For exam- ple, up to a point, you read faster when there are more words per screen. Another item, “ Increasing the Spacing between lines improves clarity,” might be true up to a point— the point at which the para- graph starts to fall apart, becoming a series of in- dependent lines. “ Paging is better than scrolling” seems likely, “ black characters on a white back- ground produce the best readability” also seems likely, and a set having to do with minimum and preferred type sizes mostly seems reasonable. ( I should note that reading speed and reading effec- tiveness are not at all the same thing, but never mind.) The “ increasing the spacing” line misstates the quoted “ research”— which actually says this:

[ T] he data suggests that a moderate type size— 11 points— and a standard 13 points of leading yields the best balance of type size and overall reading comfort.

11- on- 13, 20% leading, is pretty much typical for print books; increasing leading to 30% or more can be problematic, and the post doesn’t cite one piece of research suggesting otherwise. ( Later there’s another source, but it’s so peculiar that it’s hard to claim it as support for anything. What do you make of “ interline spacing should be varia- ble”— that the leading should vary from time to time just to keep things interesting?)

Then there’s the last one: Serif typefaces are better than sans for print on paper and “ the results are supposed to be the reverse for computer screens.” Really? A source cited for character size when children are reading begins with this:

Serif fonts aid struggling readers by making words easier to read. They also reduce eye fatigue.

I don’t see a “ but on the screen, sans serif is easier to read” caveat in that source. The post— which is long and quotes lots of sources— does not include Cites & Insights April 2011 4

any item to back up the “ supposed to be the re- verse” claim. When I’ve tried to find such studies in the past, all I’ve found were studies— mostly done when on- screen typography was pretty crude, making serifed letters somewhat ugly— that failed to show an advantage for serif over sans, not studies showing an advantage for sans over serif. Given the lack of any citations in this article to the contrary, I’ll stick with that.

A useful article, albeit requiring several grains of salt. The author’s cheerleading attitude regard- ing ebooks and especially eInk become more evi- dent late in the post, but you can filter out that bias as you’re reading.

Reading and Life

Commentaries on aspects of reading that strike me as mostly reasonable and interesting, from a varie- ty of sources including librarians.

Douglas County— reading too much?

August 14, 2008. Jamie LaRue. myliblog. His sug- gestion for an anti- library- funding campaign. I’m going to quote the whole thing because it seems like a great way to start this section ( and I don’t think LaRue will object).

Sports dad: “ I thought the Internet was ok. It’s kind of like TV, ya know? But I come home one day, and what do I find my son is up to? Reading! Books, hidden under his pillow! And after last summer, he went back to school and started off with good grades. I just ... don’t know where we went wrong...”

Senior citizen wife: “ I thought when my husband retired he would sit on the porch in a rocking chair. Like in those commercials, drinking lemo- nade, and sharing little jokes with me. But NOOOO. He’s down at the library every day, at- tending meetings, lectures, programs, coming home with all of these projects and ideas. He’s reading up on history and politics. He knows more people than ever. When do I get my hus- band back?”

Grumpy old Republican: “ yes, yes, something else for the kids. Bah! When I was a youngster, I was in a gang, like any red- blooded American. Now, these pansie- ass youngsters are in teen reading clubs!”

Business person: “ For years now, I’ve been saying that the public sector needs to be run like a busi- ness. Well, over the past five years, our local li- brary district has increased its use six to nine times greater than the rest of the nation. It did that while holding staffing levels virtually flat. They’re not just running it like a business, they’re running it like a successful business! [ Shakes head.] What next? We’re supposed to run our businesses like successful government?”

Concerned mother: “ For years now, the library has seen a growth in use that I can only call obscene! 23% increase in checkouts one year, 21% the other. Last year it was only 18%. Finally! Yes, it’s still way more business, but least it’s slowing down. All I can say is thank God the parking lots and build- ings are so crowded, especially in Parker and Lone Tree. Maybe that will scare some of my family away. I mean, there’s more to life than learning!”

Tag line: “ If you say yes to libraries, this can only continue.”

What? You think I have anything to add to that? I’m guessing most of you don’t read myliblog— and if you do, well, that was three years ago.

8 Ways Reading Makes You Better at Life

That’s by Glen Stansberry on June 1, 2009 at Life- Dev— and the title now reads “ 8 Benefits of Read- ing ( or Ways Reading Makes You Better at Life).” It’s roughly a thousand- word post and I’m only providing the eight headings, part of the introduc- tion and the closing. This is another one that’s well worth reading, noting that it’s not about print books vs. ebooks but is partly about libraries.

The public library is a phenomenon that to this day I still can’t get over. Free knowledge, for any- one. Literally, anyone. I can’t think of an equiva- lent other than going to a clothing store, “ checking out” an outfit, wearing the outfit and returning it in four weeks, free of charge.

Except books are so much better than clothes.

Recently I’ve been on a huge reading kick, check- ing out anything I can get my hands on in the li- brary… I’ve found that no matter what I read, the act of reading every day has helped me in nearly every aspect of my life. Here are a few of my favo- rite ways that reading has improved my quality of life, and will definitely improve yours.

1. Enhanced Smarts

2. Reading reduces stress

3. Greater tranquility

4. Improved analytical thinking

5. Increased vocabulary

6. Improved memory

7. Improved writing skills

8. Helps prioritize goals

If you think that you don’t have enough time to start reading, you’re wrong. How do I know? Be- cause we make time for the things that are impor- Cites & Insights April 2011 5

tant to us. How much TV do you watch? How much time do you spend trawling the web? You could easily replace reading with those activities.

If you’re worried about the cost of books, check ‘ em out at the local library. Most libraries take ad- vantage of the interlibrary loan system, so you can check out nearly any book on the planet. I also use Worldcat to find libraries in the area that might have my book.

There’s really no excuse to start reading on a regu- lar basis. The benefits far outweigh the costs, and more knowledge never hurt anybody.

I don’t have a lot to add. Perhaps # 2 and # 3 are partly the same thing, as are # 1 and # 4, but that’s OK. I’m sure there are writers who don’t associate lots of reading with improved writing skills, but I’m not sure there are many good ones.

Professional Metareading

Going from posts that applaud libraries to one by a librarian, we have this from Wayne Bivens- Tatum on May 28, 2009 at Academic Librarian. He’d been reading two books on librarians and reading, both of which “ advocate wide reading as a goal to be- come a better librarian.” Some of the discussion that follows is specific to academic libraries, some to reference work— and along the way there are interesting notes about the ability of technology advocates to marginalize others.

The advocates of constant technological innova- tion often look for any sign that library users are moving in their direction, while ignoring the overwhelming organization of a considerable por- tion of academia. In the humanities, those might be the librarians who praise and wonder at a tiny flowering of “ digital humanities” while ignoring the undeniable fact that most humanists do now and have always engaged in the study of texts without accompaniment of multimedia. Confir- mation bias is rampant in this company. However, at least in the humanities, how easy might it be to turn the tables? To reply, when challenged about the latest technological innovation or sad, shallow method of connecting people, “ No, I’m unfamiliar with that tool, but tell me, what’s the last scholar- ly book or article you read, or what academic field of study do you have any mastery of?” Since it’s clear that faculty and students benefit from hav- ing librarians with subject knowledge of academic fields, it’s quite possible that the current terms of debate do a disservice to our users and ourselves by urging librarians to be computer support and keyword searching specialists rather than aca- demic subject specialists.

The comments— or, rather, the comment, since there’s just one, followed by B- T’s response and an additional note from the commenter— are worth noting. I like “ caleb”‘ s misquote from George Needham: “ you shouldn’t accept the word of a li- brarian who doesn’t read - it’s like getting advice from a doctor who smokes.” Caleb doesn’t see much real discussion about technology in libra- rianship, and says “ generally when one of us waxes hyperbolic one way or another, the rest of us po- litely ignore it.” Well, not all of us, but I for one have grown tired of calling people on hyperbole. Turns out B- T was mostly referring to debates over whether library reference work should be out- sourced to call centers, and that debate probably has waned over the years.

As for other debates, I think they exist more in conversations, and are only implicit in written dis- course. It’s implicit in arguments about “ keeping up” with the latest technology, in promotion of “ 23 Things” type courses, and in the general dis- dain for librarians who really don’t care much about social media. It concerns how academic li- brarians should spend their time. Should they, for example, hang out on Facebook or follow Twitter posts or constantly experiment with new social media, or should they spend their time reading scholarly books or taking classes or earning de- grees. Most librarians can’t do all of these well, and some librarians can’t do any of them well.

I don’t buy either- or any more from B- T than I do from those with technolust. If there’s a conflict between reading well and deeply and being in- volved with social networks, it’s one balanced people should be able to overcome. But that’s me. Read the post and the comment.

Some thoughts on the anthology

Mandy Brown writes a working library, which isn’t about libraries as you and I might think of them but rather “ a collection of texts on a given subject, for the purpose of an academic or professional work.” In this case, the library’s subject is reading itself. A note from the About page may be in order ( since you might or might not wish to follow a working library more closely):

Of the many ideas at play here, the most significant is my belief that every book is connected to many other books, such that no book can or should be considered in isolation. When you read a book, you bring to it all the other books you’ve read ( and been affected by), so your reading of it is necessarily Cites & Insights April 2011 6

unique. Furthermore, the act of reading predates the form of the book— and will most likely outlive it; as such, this site aims to explore the ways we read, and how they are changing.

There’s a phrase there (“ and will most likely outlive it”) that suggests Brown is one of those who be- lieves books on paper are on their way out— a sug- gestion strengthened by the first sentence of this July 12, 2009 article ( emphasis added):

Among the many complaints made about the shift from reading on paper to reading on screen, perhaps the most common— and most difficult to counter— is that we are moving from a medium that requires concentration to one that sows dis- traction into every syllable. This complaint as- sumes that the act of flitting from one reading to the next is necessarily inferior; but what if that were not always the case?

Brown notes that novels are the form most com- monly raising this complaint:

[ R] eading that is all- absorbing, where the world out- side the page disappears, and the one within beck- ons during every waking moment. This is reading on the brink of religion— a deeply blissful state that all readers aspire to, memories of which evoke a nostal- gia usually reserved for a first love. I am as enamored as anyone with reading like this, and I sympathize with those who would mourn its passing.

Brown doesn’t have an answer for those com- plaints— but says, correctly of course, that novels aren’t the only kind of reading we do on the page. Calling the complaint “ a straw man” seems ludicr- ous unless Brown also believes novels are doomed, but set that aside.

A better comparison would be to align reading on screen with reading an anthology. Both involve a selection of readings— not one text, but many. Both envision a connection among the texts— a constraint that argues for their co- existence; the writers could be from the same region or period, or the texts could explore the same topic, or they could be of the same form ( essay, poem, play). And both revel in the excerpt— one act of a play, a chapter from a novel, a few poems from a larger body of work; one rarely reads an anthology cover to cover, but instead dips in here and there— now reading a headnote, now a short selection.

This makes sense. Brown says the anthology is “ a better analogy for reading on screen”— with the dif- ference that the reader becomes their own editor.

It seems to me this kind of reading can be as en- grossing as anything on the page— that in this case, it is not the medium of reading that engend- ers concentration so much as it is one’s interest in the subject. How many times have you searched online for the answer to a question, only to dis- cover that hours have passed, your tea grown cold, the sun much lower on the horizon than when you started? The bias of the book reader looks upon such “ reading” as inferior— if he even deigns to call it reading at all, and not surfing or screwing around. But it seems to me the time for such a view is coming to an end— that we are better off if we expand our definition of reading instead of stubbornly diminishing it.

The bias of “ the book reader”? Is Brown suggesting that all of us who read novels and other print books regard screen reading as inferior or don’t call it reading at all? Really? There was a mention of “ straw man” earlier in the article, and this is at least a wild generalization if not wholly a straw man, setting aside NEA’s regrettable narrowing of what constitutes reading.

I agree with Brown that broader definitions of reading are more useful than narrower definitions and that reading from the screen or the ereader isn’t ( necessarily) just screwing around. ( Hey, I read print books where “ screwing around” is prob- ably an appropriate metric for their long- term worth, so…) But this follows from Brown’s seeming assertion that print books are ( inevitably?) on their way out. Unless that also means novels are and should be obsolete as a form, there’s a discon- nect here: Brown’s not talking about expanding reading types so much as shifting them. But I may be mis… er, reading. ( I would note that a working library posts are set in a handsome serif typeface and quite nicely written.)

Teens don’t read and other myths shattered…

That’s the start of the long title of Samir Husni’s July 23, 2009 post at MrMagazine. com, consisting primarily of an interview with Jayne Jamison, pub- lisher of Seventeen Magazine. You know many pundits have written off the next generation as ei- ther non- readers or at least non- print- readers, de- spite wildly successful YA publishing programs and all other indications to the contrary.

Seventeen is a teen magazine— right there in the title. It’s one of many. The first question asks how Jamison responds to the people who say teens don’t read and don’t care about print. In part:

I start out by telling them, in a nice way, that they are misinformed. Clearly, teenagers multi- task and they are voracious with their media usage. But magazines Cites & Insights April 2011 7

have always been and continue to be a really impor- tant source for beauty and fashion trend information for young women. What has been so interesting to me is when you see the success of Twilight for exam- ple, which sold 16% of all books in the United States in the first quarter of this year ( all four books). I don’t think that those are a lot of adult women read- ing those titles. So, I think that what people need to understand is that teens, especially female teens have always enjoyed magazines.

Then comes a remarkable statistic, given that for most large- circulation magazines newsstand cir- culation is a tiny factor: Seventeen “ sold 350,000 copies on average on the newsstands” in the first half of 2009— and there are eight other women’s magazines that did even better.

A number of teen magazines did fold, includ- ing some with large circulations— because adver- tisers went elsewhere and subscription prices have been so nominal. Seventeen hasn’t ignored the web side of things: Their website averaged “ almost 50 million page views and 12.5 million uniques” per month in early 2009. Does Jamison see “ mass print” magazines going away entirely?

I think there is always going to be a place for mag- azines in the media mix. I think engagement fac- tors you have with the magazine reader and the synergy with content and advertising is unavaila- ble anywhere else… There will never be a time when there are no magazines. There is no way I can even envision that… That experience of read- ing a magazine or book is never going to be com- pletely replaced.

Magazines aren’t books. They are yet another set of reading experiences, each one slightly different.

Why the Digital Revolution is Missing the Big Picture

That’s Jason Pinter on October 5, 2009, writing at The Huffington Post. Pinter, described as a “ best- selling thriller writer,” calls himself a book addict and thinks he should own an ereader— but doesn’t.

To my surprise, I have not purchased an e- reader of any kind, despite incredible temptation. E- reader companies keep trying to lure me in with new versions of their machines, with lavish press conferences that trumpet huge sales figures that are so big they just can’t be made public. And all that, that’s the problem.

You see, for years we’ve all been pelted with ar- ticles about the oncoming digital book revolution, with columnists and press release regurgitaters telling us how ebooks are going to change the face of publishing and reading all while damning those old printed dinosaurs, with their antiquated dust jackets and unit costs that terrorize P& L sheets, to the same landfills that currently house millions of cassette tapes, CD boxes and copies of that old “ E. T.” game for the Atari system that was about as much fun as having being repeatedly poked in the eye with a sharp stick. Through all of this, they want me to buy an e- reader. Me. And that there is the problem.

He believes he’s the wrong audience:

By marketing the Kindle to people like me— i. e. adults who already read regularly and don’t need to be sold on how great books are— publishing is merely doubling down on the biggest problem facing the industry: not enough people read books. Right now, e- readers are being touted as an alter- native to paper. The print killer. Big mistake. E- readers should be promoted as a cool option for non readers or hesitant readers.

Sigh. He then goes through “ CDs were dead as soon as Napster arrived” bad history and says books aren’t as doomed as CDs— in general, you don’t read ( some kinds of) books one chapter at a time and Pinter, at least, finds it hard to read long- form text on the screen. He loves physical books. He thinks ereaders should bring in new people— but he’s pretty snotty about that “ coveted demo- graphic,” describing it as one that “ currently seems to embrace the printed word only to the extent that they skim the captions beneath a photo of a bikini- clad Kim Kardashian.”

I’m with Pinter on the idea that “ Ebooks should expand the book buying market, not be used as an alternative for the print edition,” but any hesitant reader who slogs through this par- ticular essay is more likely to offer a one- finger sa- lute to Pinter than to rush out and buy a device, even a $ 139 device, to read more books.

Sorry, English major, the engineers have triumphed

This one’s sort of silly— by Nate Anderson on Feb- ruary 19, 2010 at ars technica. It springs from one of Nicholas Carr’s books- about- how- we- can’t- read- books- anymore ( or articles leading up to such books), and I’ll get back to Carr later, as this PERSPECTIVE gets more and more into silly season.

You know about Carr’s 2008 threnody where he tells us that Google is making him stupid, and therefore it’s making us stupid because, you know, Carr is Everyman. ( He didn’t put it that way, but Cites & Insights April 2011 8

Carr is a prime example of “ Because Me, Therefore Everybody” punditry. I was going to call it “ think- ing” but that’s too kind a term.)

So, to go from silly to silly, Pew Internet in- cluded his nonsense in one of their “ what do a few hundred of Our Favorite Experts think about this?” Turns out more than three- quarters of them thought Carr was wrong.

Oh, but wait:

Respondents were nearly unanimous in their view that tools like Google allow different parts of the brain to take prominence. Instead of seeing this as “ bad,” most respondents see it as merely “ differ- ent”— one more long change on the continuum of human mental development, the next tech step after reading, writing, and the calculator.

The rest of the piece quotes some of these “ ex- perts.” Carr continues to say skimming actually changes your brain so you’re ( permanently?) in- capable of depth. Peter Norvig of Google takes a view I’d regard as a little more plausible:

[ W] hen you have access to thousands of articles, blogs, videos, and people with expertise on the topic, a good strategy is to skim first to get an overview. Skimming and concentrating can and should coexist.

Others say the web is taking on some of the mem- ory- replacement functions that print already had, although I’m afraid I can’t be as optimistic as An- dreas Kluth of The Economist:

This is the continuation ad infinitum of the process launched by abacuses and calculators: we have be- come more ‘ stupid’ by losing our arithmetic skills but more intelligent at evaluating numbers.

I’m sorry, but if “ we” are becoming better at eva- luating numbers, I sure haven’t seen many signs of that intelligence. It seems easier than ever to snow people with chartjunk, misleading infographics and distorted numbers. Sheer lack of basic numer- ic skills doesn’t help much. Then there’s Andrew Nachison of We Media ( whatever that is):

It has confused and overwhelmed us with choices, and with sources that are not easily differentiated or verified. Perhaps it’s even alienated us from the physical world itself— from knowledge and intelli- gence that comes from seeing, touching, hearing, breathing, and tasting life. From looking into someone’s eyes and having them look back into ours. Perhaps it’s made us impatient, or shortened our attention spans, or diminished our ability to understand long thoughts. It’s enlightened anxiety. We know more than ever, and this makes us crazy.

I would say Nachison needs to go up to a mountain cabin or somewhere and get a little less crazy, and maybe pull back on the universalisms a lot, but that would be mean.

Sigh. There’s a Clay Shirky quote that’s the ba- sis for the article title, but I don’t quote Shirky’s oversimplifications if I can avoid it. Kluth sees the failure of “ book culture” and a resurgence of short- form stories, apparently unable to accept the idea of more forms— and Gene Spafford of Purdue doesn’t anticipate a lot of “ classic tweets and blog posts” for future reading. Tweets? Yeah, I don’t im- agine there will be thousands of “ classic.” 140- character texts, although there will surely be a few. Blog posts? There, I believe there’s more room for lasting items. Heck, blog posts of some lasting worth form the basis for most of my writing, which proves… nothing.

The first comment says about Shirky’s com- ment much what I would say. I love JonTD’s re- sponse: “ Unless you’re JK Rowling. Then you crush the engineers with the weight of your money bags made by selling all those books no one is supposed to want to read anymore.” Lord_ Byron offers a co- gent comment on Pew Internet’s methods for dis- covering the truth: “ So, we’re testing an assertion about cognitive development with a poll?” “ quiets- torm” offers a long and thoughtful comment; this person seems to find room for stories of all lengths: “ I question, too, the insinuation that a focus on short- form writing will be to the detri- ment of long- form writing.” I didn’t go through all three long pages of comments, but these are ars technica commenters, meaning the ratio of thoughtful comment to idiocy is considerably higher than on many other comment- heavy sites.

Reading Instrumentally

What’s instrumental reading? As Iris Jastram de- scribes it in this October 12, 2010 post at Pegasus Librarian, it’s reading articles “ in order to use them as springboards for finding new material.” It’s not a replacement for deep reading, it’s another useful kind of reading that may be particularly valuable for ( some) shorter items.

The idea is that reading for comprehension is good and important and all that, but that the point of the article is only one of many things you can learn by engaging with it. Just reading the first few paragraphs of a work slowly and carefully, you can glean a whole host of names and terms Cites & Insights April 2011 9

that you can then use when crafting further searches or deciding where to search next. For ex- ample, you can note down concept names, other vocabulary, researcher’s names, relevant institu- tions that might produce or publish information for the topic, or types of evidence used in this kind of argument. After reading the first few pa- ragraphs of a few likely articles, you can go back and start using these new concepts and terms and research/ institution names to craft more focused searches. At this point, you’re more likely to be us- ing vocabulary that a more expert person would have used in the first place.

Jastram offers an example— an article citation and abstract— and the clues it provides to do further research. It’s an interesting approach and illumi- nates yet another kind of reading, one that’s par- ticularly useful when you’re approaching a new topic with more than casual interest. Read the post; I’ve only offered one excerpt.

Reading: Outmoded or a la mode?

As with Iris Jastram, Barbara Fister’s one of those writers for whom I’m tempted to just say “ Here’s the article. Go read it. I’ll wait.” In this case, it’s a Li- brary Journal “ Peer to Peer Review” piece from Oc- tober 28, 2010, and the third paragraph is lovely:

You know how kids today don’t like to read? Can’t focus for more than five seconds? Are so intent on multitasking, visual stimulation, and interactivity that they turn their noses up at books? You’ve heard all this before, right? ( Usually at a library conference from a middle- aged male librarian in a suit pontificating about how to transform our li- braries for the millennial generation.) Because when people think of libraries, they think of books, which are an outmoded technology. If we don’t do something about it, we are so screwed.

That parenthetical sentence: If you haven’t been there, you’ve been lucky. There are two links in that last sentence; you can get to them from the column itself. Then Fister gets to reality:

The strange thing was, in casual conversations with college students, I could never confirm any of the stereotypes about their habits and preferences that I hear so frequently at library conferences. Though schools boast of innovatively “ bookless” libraries, students like to study surrounded by those old- fashioned objects and when it comes to textbooks, they repeatedly say they prefer print— not always, not all of them, but in published reports it’s typi- cally a substantial majority…

Most of all, I couldn’t get students to tell me that, in fact, they dislike books. That reading is a drag. That they would much rather fiddle with Facebook than read a novel. I’m familiar with all the terrible news about the decline of reading, particularly among youth. I just never seemed to run into any students who would say “ oh, for sure. Books are so, like, over. Man, I hate those outmoded suckers.” I had to take the word of national studies and library pundits— who would probably be stumped if asked the title of the last novel they read.

Ah, but that’s anecdata, and those middle- aged male pundits must know better. Right? So Fister and a colleague did a survey asking students what they thought, and found…

Are you sitting down?

A whopping 93 percent of our students reported that they enjoy reading for pleasure. All kinds of reading: books, magazines, newspapers. Reading on the Internet ( though that scored lower than reading in print). Women like to read a bit more than men, and there’s some variation among ma- jors— over 99 percent of humanities majors say they like to read, while only 90 percent of social sciences and pre- professional majors confess to enjoyment of reading— but still, that’s a majority solid enough it could be called a landslide.

Is this only true at her college? Apparently not, based on every study she could find. And yet, and yet, when they surveyed librarians, 40% or more “ assumed students don’t read much because they simply don’t enjoy it.” Which, according to stu- dents, isn’t true. Instead, they’re too damn busy to do a lot of pleasure reading, between assigned reading, other studying, the necessary socializing for growing up, “ part- time” jobs and everything else. That was true when I was in college and the world was a simpler place; it seems only reasonable that it’s true now.

I vividly recall a retired English professor chor- tling because for the first time in decades he final- ly had time to read. So, before you say “ ah, they’re just making excuses,” check your own priorities.

I’m reading more books now than I have in a long time— and I did more pleasure reading after I ( ahem) dropped out of grad school than I did while in college. There’s more to the column, in- cluding the payoff— finding ways for the college and the library to encourage a taste for reading. Why am I not surprised that the first comment, clearly by somebody who isn’t in college at the moment, claims that they’re making excuses— that “ young people” have more free time than adults. Fister didn’t buy that; I don’t either. Cites & Insights April 2011 10

Reading in the Digital Age, or, Reading How We’ve Always Read

Kassia Krozser posted this on Booksquare on No- vember 30, 2010. Krozser argues that “ social read- ing” is normal reading— that reading as a group activity is the norm. Krozser’s also not buying “ en- hanced books” as a general shift:

As much as the idea of enhanced ebooks brings the sexy to publishing, it doesn’t really do much for most of the books published. Enhanced, enriched, transmedia, multimedia… these are ideas best applied to those properties that lend themselves to multimedia experience ( or, ahem, the associated price tag). While many focus on the bright and shiny ( and mostly unfulfilled) prom- ised of apps and enhanced ebooks, the smart kids are looking at the power of social reading.

A very brief history of storytelling modes makes the point that storytelling is almost always a group activity— and that book discussions are a reasona- ble part of bookreading.

It wasn’t until mass market books became availa- ble that reading, as we know it, was identified as a ( almost- solely) solitary activity ( overall literacy rates had to catch up as well, but that’s another is- sue). By reading as we know it, I mean selfish reading: alone in the bathtub, alone under the covers, alone on the couch, alone in a restaurant, alone in a park, alone in the bathroom while the family argues about football. Solitary reading is my preferred style, but I also make my book club’s monthly meetings for literary discussion.

Then there’s annotation, “ writing in books,” which I detest when I encounter it in library books. There are also book reviews and other outcomes. “ For many of us, transforming the book is as important as reading the book.”

Yes, ebooks could have more social reading, with shared notes and the like— and as one form of reading, that seems reasonable…. as another form, not as a wholesale replacement. How would such social reading spaces work? The post offers some thoughts, including the argument that publisher websites are not the right places to gather book dis- cussions and digital marginalia.

Will most booklength reading become social in nature? I doubt it. Would it make sense to have easier mechanisms for some of this to happen— to make it easier for those wishing to share their thoughts on a book to do so? Yes, and that would add flavor to some existing reading models.

Or maybe, as some comments suggest, it’s happening already in smaller spaces and might be better in such spaces: General, widely- known dis- cussion spaces might be overwhelming in the same way some online commenting systems are overwhelming and, eventually, overwhelmed by spam and garbage.

On Writing Reading

That’s the title as it appears of Colleen Harris’s De- cember 21, 2010 post at Colleen S. Harris, Wordsmith. She says “ reading is nearly as impor- tant to my identity as a writer” as writing itself is and notes that many writers she admires claim the same. That seems reasonable, and I’d wonder about writers who don’t believe reading is impor- tant to their identity.

Harris calls herself “ a voracious reader” who reads all sorts of things and got through more than 110 books in 2010, which I think supports her de- scription. She knows “ I am influenced by my read- ing in terms of how I write, what I write about, and how I think about writing, sound, line breaks, and more.” She’s heard that some writing students don’t want to read a lot because they want to be original— but that doesn’t work.

I believe that choosing to be poorly read is the same thing as choosing ignorance; being willfully un- knowledged. I would recommend instead that writers read as broadly as possible, and be influ- enced by as many as possible. As a writer, become aware of which writers you like, and try to articu- late why it is you prefer them.

There’s more here and it speaks to one reason I believe books, narrative and long- form narrative are unlikely to die. It’s also as good a place as any to wrap up this section.

Complementary Forms

The items in this section discuss, in one way or another, ways in which various forms of reading are likely to complement one another rather than leading us into a single narrow path— although at least one of them seems to come down too heavily in favor of a single future. I won’t bother repeating survey studies that show kids, when actually asked, say they still want to read books printed on paper ( and anticipate that digital reading will sup- plement rather than replace such reading)— that’s consistent with marketplace realities but appears not to matter to those who have convinced them- Cites & Insights April 2011 11

selves that The Digital Generation or Digital Na- tives ( or whatever this season’s silly moniker is) don’t like print books and much prefer to read eve- rything in digital form. Roy Tennant noted anec- data regarding slightly older youth in an April 6, 2009 post, “ Will Digital Kill Print?”— noting that Stanford undergrads, at least, seem to be using Google Books to supplement library research and when they can’t get the print books they really want. But then, Tennant’s another one of those who see no plausible reason to believe digital books would completely supplant print books. ( Which, for the sake of those whose comprehen- sion may be slowed by reading everything on the screen, is not at all the same as believing that ebooks are inherently useless and doomed— a strawman position with surprisingly few adherents in the real world.) Complementary forms go beyond reading media to reading sources, as the first item here makes clear.

Publishers & Librarians: Two Cultures, One Goal

That’s Barbara Fister’s May 1, 2009 Library Journal article. Although the usual Fister advice applies here I’ll offer a few excerpts and comments.

For two professions so committed to meeting the needs of readers, publishers and librarians have distinct cultures. Put simply, one culture is all about developing and selling books; the other is about sharing them and fostering a culture of reading. But there’s another basic difference, too. Publishers work closely with authors and use sales figures to tell them what readers want, interpret- ing those figures like tea leaves. Librarians work closely with readers, using them as informants to help them select books that will satisfy the diverse tastes of a community.

Although it’s not the primary focus of this article, I’ll suggest that publishers and librarians appear to have conflicting goals when it comes to ebooks, as so far publisher ( and publisher partner) moves seem wholly focused on preventing shared reading.

Libraries are a major market for books. Their pur- chases account for over ten percent of the $ 27 billion industry ( excluding print textbooks for K– 12 and higher ed). In contrast to consumer buying, which relies on discretionary dollars, the library market remains a consistent sales channel for publishers.

That $ 27 billion figure may be low— it appears to use AAP’s “ big publisher” numbers rather than BISG’s all- publisher numbers ( over $ 40 billion)— but the point’s valid.

Libraries are far more than a market, however. Li- braries create readers. They are the test bed, the petri dish for books, a place where people can dis- cover a passion for reading as children and indulge it as adults and where passionate readers can sample new authors.

No comment required here. I’m skipping much of the post about what book editors do ( it’s an inter- esting discussion and includes some useful notes about the real economics of book publishing), but I will include this section— where I think things are likely to change, with multinational corpora- tions becoming less important and tens of thou- sands of small publishers ( many of them with no physical facilities) becoming more important.

All these pressures don’t stop the higher- ups from demanding higher profits. Though there are tens of thousands of small publishers, a handful of multinational corporations dominate the book business, and for them it’s just another business. What I don’t get— why did these geniuses buy book publishers in the first place? Books may be a big business, but it’s not exactly a boom industry, and margins are historically narrow. You can’t mass manufacture books. Each book is different— meaning it’s handcrafted, page by page, chapter by chapter. And there’s no telling how readers will respond. You can’t just follow the trends, aiming for another Da Vinci Code or the next Twilight. Readers are too smart for that— not that we don’t try. All you can do is use your best instincts, rally the resources you can get out of the publisher, and cross your fingers.

Then there’s the final paragraph— which illustrates the problem ( remembering that Fister is speaking in the voice of a book editor):

My mother keeps sending me articles about how people are going to the library to get their books. But she doesn’t get it. How can we keep publishing books if people think they should get them for free?

The next section speaks in the voice of the libra- rian, and much of it will be old news to C& I read- ers. A few excerpts may bear repeating:

What I love best is helping people find the perfect book for them. I know my community, and I know what their interests are. I’m excited by the sense of pride that a child feels when she learns how to read all by herself, and I know how reading ex- pands the horizons of an elderly shut- in who reads six or seven books a week… There’s no doubt in my mind that people love books. Heck, nearly everyone seems to be writing one. Cites & Insights April 2011 12

Which brings its own issues. I get a lot of requests from self- published authors asking me to buy their books, and I have to explain that with li- mited resources and only so much space on the shelves, we have to go with books that are re- viewed, that have been professionally edited. With nearly half a million books published each year— maybe half of them self- published, and most of those pretty awful— I just don’t have time to go beyond trusted sources. This usually doesn’t go over well.

Not to argue with a professional librarian, but I wonder whether the percentage of “ pretty awful” self- published books is actually that much higher than the percentage of trash from big commercial publishers? Any good public library buys loads of professionally- edited garbage because it circulates, and that’s fine— but I wonder. Anyway, then there are some wishlists for publishers, well worth read- ing. And there’s this:

And don’t get me started on ebooks. We thought about getting a Kindle, but we kept getting differ- ent answers from Amazon. Yes, you can use it. No, you can’t. Well, you can loan out the Kindle, but only if there aren’t any books on it because that would be a violation of the terms of service… Ebooks have a tremendous future, but you run the risk of driving readers away by creating products people don’t want and locking everything down…

Making it hard for us to lend books as they go digital is not the way to grow a strong customer base. Why don’t publishers realize that we’re early adopters and strong allies when it comes to digital formats? We work hard to make our e- collections accessible and attractive, and we’ll help readers who are on the fence about technology embrace it. This is the cheapest marketing publishers will ever have!

I can’t add anything to that section ( and quoted only portions of it).

Though publishing and librarianship may have different cultures, we have a common goal. S. R. Ranganathan put it in a nutshell with two of his famous rules: every reader his book; every book its reader. In an era when publishing opportunities have proliferated and the number of titles being published has skyrocketed, libraries rely on pro- fessionals who can do the painstaking work of de- veloping quality books. In turn, publishers need librarians, who help spark a love of reading among children, sustain it through the stages of life, and know what’s important to readers.

Though book sales have slumped in recent months, library circulation is soaring. If publish- ers didn’t get the importance of libraries before, now’s the time to get the message, because it’s in libraries that book culture will be sustained through these hard times.

Where Fister and I might disagree is on the rela- tive worth of Big Publishers and “ quality” books vs. micropublishers and self- published books. With all due respect, I see an awful lot of easy, hook- em- on- the- series books from big publishers that could easily be written by minimum- wage drones or IBM’s Watson, and I’ve seen a fair number of high- quality micropublished books. Books that won’t show up in libraries because they’re not usually reviewed and they don’t have big- publisher cachet. But that’s a different problem.

Text in Decline?

Andrew Dillon posted this at InfoMatters on July 9, 2009, although the date doesn’t show with the post. Dillon’s pointing to an edge piece by Marti Hearst that proposes a decline in text in general, to be replaced by video and speech.

This is not the first time the predictions for the power of new media have been made ( David Jo- nassen infamously predicted in 1982 that the book would be dead within a decade) but Hearst’s ar- gument is more nuanced and based on emerging trends in video search retrieval and mobile tech- nology use… I don’t see text in decline as much as unfortunately shackled to interfaces that in turn shackle us, and it’s not clear to me that a shift from text to video solves this particular problem… Text has evolved a series of affordances that ex- tend beyond the mechanics of input and out- put… the cognitive advantages of being able to re- read and navigate through a familiar structure cannot be easily replaced or even replicated…

It may be true that, as others have argued, serious extended reading is in decline and the commu- nicative forms we will share and create in the dec- ades ahead may well be shorter and less textual. But it is also possible that we will just retain text and supplement it. Remember, digital technology was supposed to be the death of paper too, until we realized that printing and faxing were so easy…

Predictions of a “ return to orality” aren’t particu- larly new or compelling, and I won’t get into an extended analysis of Hearst’s paper ( not a video) or whether it’s likely, although it is worth noting that “ books dead in a decade”— a silly prediction still being made by some library dystopians and oth- ers— has been around for three decades. A key sen- tence here, I think, is the penultimate one: “ But it is also possible that we will just retain text and Cites & Insights April 2011 13

supplement it.” I’d add that it’s possible and, I be- lieve, probable that we’ll retain longform text— and supplement it, as we always have, with a varie- ty of shorter forms.

Books: here to stay

Terry Dawson posted this concise piece at the New Cybrary on August 31, 2009, quoting from an essay by Ursula K. LeGuin on the “ alleged decline of reading.” Dawson’s noticed that, at his library, “ al- though the use of media is increasing, more books are being used as well.” A bit of what LeGuin has to say ( Dawson links to the original article):

I am far from dismissing the vast usefulness of electronic publication, but my guess is that print- on- demand will become and remain essential. Electrons are as evanescent as thoughts. History begins with the written word. Much of civilization now relies on the durability of the bound book— its capacity for keeping memory in solid, physical form. The continuous existence of books is a great part of our continuity as an intelligent species.

Dawson adds: “ If I were interested in something like, say, building a library, I’d be paying attention.” Indeed.

The Future of Books

A small piece from Marcus’ World ( by Marcus Banks), dated November 17, 2009, reporting on a Commonwealth Club panel with the owner of San Francisco’s Green Apple Books, Dan Clancy of Google Books, Pamela Samuelson of UC Berkeley, Brewster Kahle, Jared Friedman of Scribd and moderator David Hellman.

I’ll just quote the closing paragraph, which strikes me as eminently sensible, particularly given that a Google Books person and Brewster Kahle were among the panelists:

All panelists felt that a healthy commingling be- tween print and electronic media is possible, if not inevitable. These discussions of the future of- ten pit digital utopians against print- loving Lud- dites, and never the twain shall meet. The truth is more complicated, and more hopeful— print will likely remain the medium of choice for engrossing novels, but e- readers may gradually corner the market for some forms of non- fiction. We still have radio even though there’s TV, after all, so I think we will always have books in multiple forms.

The first commenter was also at the event and thought the summary was sound. “ Eric” asked an interesting question and raised an interesting point about predictions ( excerpting):

Has there been any measurement on the resale value of books, which might factor in to an as- sessment on their future? Many years ago I read that Amazon was going to put used bookstores out of business, yet they seem to remain— in fact I see more than ever here on my side of town.

The resale value of ebooks at this point appears to be $ 0— which is a strength for some publishers and irrelevant for many books, but may be a factor elsewhere.

Patron’s Book Browsing Habits

Nicole Engard posted this on January 22, 2010 at What I Learned Today… and I think it’s relevant on- ly because it discusses what I regard as a common public- library practice that ( to date) doesn’t seem to work as well with ebooks. That is to say, real brows- ing, as described at the start of this excerpt:

If one goes to the library with no particular book or author in mind, is she influenced by the ap- pearance of the book— pictures on the spine, looks new/ old, likes the pictures on the cover?

The questions are from Engard’s cousin, who’s wondering whether there’s any research on the topic. The cousin goes on:

Do people pull the book off the shelf to see the rest of the words on the cover? Then there are the books on the top shelf above your head and on the bottom shelf down by the floor. Are they checked out as much as the ones on the middle shelves that can be viewed easily? Would you rather have a book that has something about the story on the back cover or one that doesn’t give you a hint?

Interesting questions— and, although I’ve shopped in ebook stores, I don’t see any equivalent of the richness of shelf browsing ( which is how I choose 90% of the library books I read). Oddly enough, I pay no attention to the rear cover at all, but I do read the flap copy. Engard raised this as an open question, noting that she’ll sit on the floor to ex- amine bottom- shelf books and won’t borrow books without summaries on the cover or flap. The comments are interesting.

The Role of the Library in the Future of Reading

Chronology is significant here: This post by Peter E. Murray at Disruptive Library Technology Jester appeared February 11, 2010, about the time the iPad emerged. Murray’s engaging in the kind of thing I do: Citing other sources and offering his own comments. The first source decided to see whether academic libraries ( Dartmouth in this case) had popular nonfiction and did so by taking Cites & Insights April 2011 14

a list of 197 audiobooks and looking for print cop- ies at Dartmouth.

To his delight, he found that the library had paper copies of nearly three- quarters of them. It was his second question, though, that got me thinking: “ Should academic libraries supply borrowers with the book format that matches their preferences and learning styles ( paper, e- paper, or audio)?”

If the answer to that question is “ Yes,” then a mul- tiplicity of “ books” is the only plausible future, since it’s pretty clear that some people really do prefer paper, some prefer e- paper and some do better with audio. Can academic or public libraries “ supply” ebooks in any economical and useful sense? That’s a tougher question.

The second, from Josh Greenberg, is one of those that makes me scratch my head: Greenberg, at NYPL, looks at self- destructing movie rentals from iTunes and suggests that libraries consider institutional iTunes subscriptions “ where a given user would add a library card number to their iTunes account and their library would pick up the tab when they ‘ rent’ books ( or, plausibly, even oth- er media).” Should libraries really be subsidized rental agencies?

The third is a set of interviews about the busi- ness of reading and raises a similar issue: How can libraries deal with multiple formats? Of course, li- braries have offered audiobooks for many years and are handling some digital audiobooks and ebooks using models that map directly to book lending, but those may not be the only effective models.

Here’s Murray’s money paragraph, I think:

I think it is time to separate the cost of the content versus the cost of the container. From a bottom- up cost calculation, doing so would recognize that it takes a certain amount of effort— paying the author and editor, plus all of the overhead involved— to create a coherent chunk of text. That is a fixed cost that is independent of how the chunk of text is dis- tributed. To this is added the cost of the format: paper/ printing/ binding/ shipping for the physical version, bits- on- disk/ infrastructure for the elec- tronic version, and voice- talent / audio- engineer / distribution for the audio version. If one has paid for the content creation once, shouldn’t paying for the carrier of that content— paper, electronic, au- dio— simply be an incremental cost? In other words, if I buy the book in paper and find I want to have it read to me, shouldn’t I then just have to pay for the voice- talent / audio- engineer / distribution costs for that particular carrier?

Could book in different containers be priced as add- ons for libraries? Would publishers stand for that? As you should know by now, the “ incremen- tal cost” of print books isn’t that big a portion of their prices— at most one- seventh by most ac- counts. But that’s a secondary issue. I think Mur- ray’s suggestion is a wonderfully appealing one that speaks directly to an “ AND future” where people can have their preferred format:

[ T] he library buys 100 copies of the intellectual work known as Catcher in the Rye and chooses 50 manifestations in the paper format and 50 ma- nifestations in e- book format. The cost of switch- ing, say, from a PDF e- book format to an ePub e- book format is just the cost of changing carriers— no “ new” content has been purchased. Same thing would hold true if the library decided to convert 20 of its 50 paper carriers into audio book carriers.

That’s not Greenberg’s “ just pay for the rental” sce- nario— as Murray says, in that case the institution gets nothing in the end for subsidizing the reader.

One Reason Why the Imminent Demise of Printed Books is Ridiculous ( and Scary): Libraries

That’s the invigorating title of a February 12, 2010 post at Mike the Mad Biologist— written by Mike, who is an evolutionary biologist and prefers to stay pseudonymous. Here’s the second paragraph:

Maybe my reading habits are skewed*-- or more accurately, my book acquisition habits are skewed— but about eighty percent of the books I read I check out from the library ( it’s lower for fic- tion, nearly 100 percent for non- fiction). I don’t think most books, especially non- fiction, where it’s really hard to judge from reviews if a book is any good, are worth the full hardcover price ( or even a twenty to thirty percent discount).

That asterisk leads to a footnote that Mike doesn’t have broadcast or cable/ satellite TV, “ so more time to read.” Getting back to the post itself, he also thinks most books aren’t worth $ 9.99— or $ 3. But that’s on average: “ after reading some books in the library, I’m impressed enough that I’ll go buy them, even at hardcover prices.” Hey, 90% of pub- lished science fiction is crud ( and 90% of romance novels, and 90% of mainstream fiction, and 90% of mysteries, and 90% of TV…), but I read plenty of first- rate science fiction.

I read a lot of books… but I wouldn’t read very many books if I had to pay $ 9.99 for every book, including the many where I clearly don’t get my Cites & Insights April 2011 15

money’s worth. Somehow, electronic publishing will have to figure out a library model. Obviously, selling the Boston Public Library system one freely downloadable copy is unprofitable, although if there were a way to sell a digital version to the li- brary that when downloaded from the library ‘ dis- appears’ after a certain length of time, that model might work.

That model exists. Is it generalizable? Less clear.

I’m reading that title as not buying into “ the imminent demise of printed books”— but whether Mike agrees or not, I buy his assertion that, if read- ers can’t get books in the manner they prefer and at a workable price ( including $ 0 at the library), they’re likely to read less, or at least fewer books.

Christina Pikas pointed out in a comment that libraries do have ebooks, some of them working as Mike suggests in the quoted paragraph above.

Observations of a Bookman on his Initial Encounters with an Ebook Reader

James Weinheimer posted this— also posted to the NGC4LIB list— on March 12, 2010 at First Thus ( catalogingmatters. blogspot. com). At more than 3,000 words it’s long for a list post… but it’s also well thought out, carefully written and well worth reading. Weinheimer calls himself “ a hopeless lov- er of books” with several thousand of them in the small apartment he lives in in Rome— and, by the way, most Italian libraries don’t let you borrow books to read at home.

Weinheimer is interested in history and reads older publications— and loves the big scanning projects but finds the resulting online books too difficult to read online: “ it is simply too hard on my eyes.” He acquired a Sony ereader and abso- lutely loves it:

I have discovered that for the first time I can read— and enjoy— a digital book that I have downloaded. It turns out that I use the Internet Archive much more than ever, more than Google Books, but I have downloaded some beautiful publications from Gallica and other projects as well…

Naturally, there are problems. First, I would prefer better contrast control, and since it is only gray on gray, some pdfs are better than others… There are a few other minor problems as well, but they pale in comparison with what I can actually do…

Yet, the purpose of this essay is to discover how all of this has affected me personally.

The biggest surprise, and a very pleasant one, is that I am rediscovering the excitement I expe- rienced when I walked into a large library the very first time. When I stood alone in the stacks of that first large library, I suddenly understood that I was surrounded by hundreds of thousands of the greatest books ever written and any of them were now available to me…

An important sideline… is that I am an “ expert” in information retrieval and most people are not. Therefore, I know about the existence of the In- ternet Archive, Making of America, Gallica, Sci- rus, the Digital Book Index, and a host of other sites on the web where I can download ebooks and edocuments. I know a lot of the problems to be encountered when searching these sites: their ad- vantages and disadvantages. I understand the dif- ferent formats; I have some experience to help me know where I can probably find-- or not find-- a specific publication, and what is probably availa- ble, and what is probably not…

There’s more here about findability and the like, but also thoughts about the future of older texts. He believes that, if ebook readers become as cheap and plentiful as MP3 players, lots of people might choose to read some of the greatest writings from the past rather than today’s best- sellers because the old books are free.

Wouldn’t it be amazing if Thomas Paine’s incen- diary Common Sense caught on anew in the popular imagination and modern governments again tried to ban it? Or what if someone “ up- dated” it? In any case, I think it may be possible that older works, out of copyright, may play a more vital role in our society than before.

It’s a nice thought. I won’t comment on it at this point. He does note some side issues around them. Then, I think, he goes a little off the track, when he asserts that cheap ereaders would mean physi- cal libraries and print books would be largely abandoned because readers are lazy and, appar- ently, books are somewhat interchangeable. He says he’s likely to be too lazy to go through all that difficulty of driving to the library, checking out a book and driving home, and thinks most others also are, if they can get some book in e- form for free. So, unfortunately, in the end he comes down as a “ death of print/ death of physical libraries” ad- vocate because he assumes people are too lazy to go to libraries and will find books somewhat inter- changeable.

I think there’s much of value in this essay— but I shy away from the “ inevitable death of physi- cal collections” prediction. You might disagree. Cites & Insights April 2011 16

A Rich Reading Ecology

Another short post from Roy Tennant at Digital Libraries, this one dated June 16, 2010 and quoting from an ars technica piece entitled “ Whatever happened to the e- reader tsunami of 2010?” He quotes— and I requote— what he calls an “ asto- nishing paragraph”:

Now that I’ve gotten used to reading on the iPad, I’ve ditched my Kindle entirely. I’ve now gone back to buying my books in dead- tree format for at- home reading, both because print is more re- laxing and because it comes without DRM. I also have a few Kindle copies of some of my books on my iPad for when I travel. So in some cases I’m paying twice for the same book, but the print copy is mine— I honest- to- God own it— while the elec- tronic copy is more of a fee that I pay to be able to read the book on my iPad when I go on a long trip.

The writer ( Jon Stokes) is clearly no Luddite, but he sees the virtues of multiple book formats. Or, as Tennant says:

We are not entering a period of digital only. We are entering a period of increased format options, increased interaction options, and a world of con- sumer choices at various price points and capabili- ties. So if you like to read as I do, you will welcome this rich reading ecology as do I.

The Short and the Long of It

Clive Thompson’s column in the January 2011 Wired is ugly to look at, since the page designers chose to set most of it as a single wide paragraph with paragraph marks denoting the actual para- graphs— perhaps snazzy to look at but a true dis- service to the text. That grump aside ( it’s better than the old Wired’s habit of setting type on back- grounds so dark or busy that you could barely read the text at all), this is an interesting little discus- sion— and the tease has the heart of it: “ How tweets and status updates have increased our hun- ger for in- depth analysis.”

Thompson begins “ We’re often told that the Internet has destroyed people’s patience for long, well- thought- out arguments.” After expanding that common alarum, Thompson concludes that “ something much more complex and interesting is happening: The torrent of short- form thinking is actually a catalyst for more long- form meditation.”

He offers web examples— there are apparently lots of blogs that now have essay- length posts— and of course other forms. Unfortunately, he believes that this trend means that “ the middle take” is done for— coverage that is “ neither fast enough to be conversational nor slow enough to be truly deep.” I think he’s wrong; I see no reason why tweets and essays should rule out the middle ground, and plen- ty of evidence that it doesn’t. ( You know, there are still tens of millions of newspaper readers and good newspapers now fill much of the “ middle ground” that newsweeklies used to. For that matter, Time Magazine does not seem threatened with imminent destruction, although the newsweekly may be the most difficult middle ground.)

Thompson definitely sees that some of his fa- vorite bloggers are doing what I see some of the best libloggers doing: Blogging “ less often but with much longer, more in- depth essays.” Apparently, there’s even a survey finding that the most popular blog posts are now those around 1,600 words long.

I’d argue with Thompson about the middle ground ( I think that’s still where most blogs are), but at least he doesn’t fall into the usual Wired “ only one thing” trap. I suspect he’s right; I certain- ly hope he is.

Open Books: The E- Reader Reads You

I’m only dealing with portions of this somewhat dystopian item by Rob Horning at The New In- quiry, posted January 3, 2011. The overall thesis is stated in the tease paragraph and it’s a future I’m not wild about:

E- books promise not a plenitude of ideas and narratives but a wealth of information to better ra- tionalize the unpredictable behavior of readers. E- readers make us into the content.

That doesn’t have to happen— we don’t have to ac- cept ereaders that provide detailed information to publishers about how we’re reading. I don’t think we should. On the other hand, I like a quote from Scott McLemee in a cited article:

McLemee rightly cautions against making e- books vs. their printed and bound counterparts an ei- ther- or proposition: “ I am biased in favor of read- ing itself, rather than towards one format,” he explains. In the aggregate, more reading will likely happen thanks to e- readers. As they become more prevalent, they will make more books accessible to more readers….”

But Horning seems to be one of those who leaps from format to format. He claims that “ the nature of the format nevertheless certainly affects the reading experience and the specific qualities of works that end up being tailored to it,” which is Cites & Insights April 2011 17

only true if books are only e- or only p-, and then tells us he remembers vividly “ throwing out my entire CD collection.” Why would you do that? I listen primarily from a Sansa Fuze these days, but I certainly haven’t discarded the CDs themselves. ( If Horning sold those CDs while retaining the music, there’s an ethical issue, but that’s fodder for a dif- ferent essay.)

I can’t yet imagine doing such a thing with my books, glossed as they are with my precious mar- ginalia, but objects can be swiftly desacralized. Changes are sure to come to how we buy and keep books, and because of the nature of e- readers and our established ideas about the sanctity of read- ing, those changes may be more profound than anything that has happened to music.

Desacralized? For many of us, print books have no “ sanctity” whatsoever; they just work. The analogy to music is mediocre at best. In fact, unlike books, listening to a lossless digital copy of a CD ( which is itself digital, lest we forget) is the same expe- rience— while reading an ebook is not the same experience as reading a print book. Sanctity has nothing to do with it unless you happen to be a book- sniffer.

The rest of the essay’s simply depressing. Horning views publishers as not caring much about content, only about numbers:

With the advent of e- publishing, books will be- come even more like arbitrary widgets to the people selling them. For publishers, books will be defined not by the words in them so much as by the comprehensive numerical data set capturing the contours of the market for them.

Horning says that the Kindle is busily communi- cating with “ the mothership” at Amazon in com- munications over which “ the user has no control short of shutting off its wireless function, the main means for adding content to it.” I don’t own a Kin- dle, but don’t most readers who care about battery life keep Wifi disabled unless they’re actually buy- ing new books, since it’s a battery drain? ( That may be a naïve question. So be it.)

Thanks to these innovations, publishers will know what books you’ve read; when you read them; what you chose to read next, or simultaneously; how long it took you; and what other books people read when they read what you have. The potential data mine this all represents may even- tually divest readers of their need to discover any- thing. Instead, recommendation engines can take over, manufacturing serendipity for users as is al- ready the case on Amazon’s website, only now with the not necessarily solicited advice being ported directly into the scene of reading. And if you shop through Google’s new bookstore, all that information and be joined with all the data de- rived from your search and browsing histories to further refine recommendations and circumscribe the scope of what is readily offered to you.

But perhaps more important, publishers will be able to draw from trends in this rich data for its editorial decisionmaking, exploiting connections this information reveals among various demo- graphics in the reading public, calibrating their lists to actual reader behavior with more precision that dumb sales data once allowed…

Shudder. I think that’s an ugly future; I also think it’s as unlikely as an overall future as is the notion of ereaders completely replacing print books. Ac- tually, my belief that small publishers will become more important and megapublishers will become less important argues against this future: Small publishers may still be publishers, not data- crunchers.

Some Good News from the World of Books

Let’s end this section on a more upbeat note: This essay, which appeared February 7, 2011 at McSwee- ney’s Internet Tendency. It’s the lead for a group of essays, and what a lead it is. The first paragraphs:

This has been an interesting few years for the book industry. There have been many changes and realignments, and these changes have led many to predict that ( a) reading is dead; ( b) books are dead; ( c) publishing is dead; ( d) all printed matter is dead. Or that all of the above, if not al- ready dead, will be dead very soon.

The good news is that there isn’t as much bad news as popularly assumed. In fact, almost all of the news is good, and most of it is very good. Book sales are up, way up, from twenty years ago. Young adult readership is far wider and deeper than ever before. Library membership and circulation is at all- time high. The good news goes on and on.

But still, perceptions persist that in a few years there will be no books printed on paper. That e- readers will take over the industry, and perhaps soon after, some other trend will kill books dead.

Given this gloom and doom, McSweeney’s started a project involving “ fifteen or so young research- ers” beginning in May 2010, looking into the health of the book.

Their findings provide proof that not only are books very much alive, but that reading is in ex- Cites & Insights April 2011 18

ceptionally good shape— and that the book- publishing industry, while undergoing some sig- nificant changes, is, on the whole, in good health.

Do note the date on this item: I’m not quoting from some halcyon days of lore but from February 2011. There’s a lot more in the piece itself and the linked items, most of which I’ll leave for you to discover, but the overall picture is almost entirely positive. I checked in near the beginning of a mul- tiweek series; it’s probably worth your while to ex- plore further.

I spent a little time on the three linked ar- ticles. I’m delighted to note that Ben Shattuck, who wrote “ The Health of Libraries,” recognized the tricky numbers behind Douglas Galbi’s claim that per- capita book circulation from libraries has been declining ( I discussed this in March 2008), specifi- cally the massive increase in the numerator— the number of people with library cards, now up to 68% of the U. S. population. The piece on U. S. book publishing starts with a bang: Publishers Weekly lament on the huge number of book titles being produced— an “ appalling flood” as PW called it. That lament appeared in 1911; there were 13,470 book titles in 1910. In 2010? One estimate is 288,355 titles, but that estimate may be far too low. As for literacy, the relevant article points out ( cor- rectly) that near- universal literacy is fairly recent and that literacy is still rising— making it likely that books in all media will be read even more in the future.

Issues with Ebooks and Reading

Most items in this section have less to do with va- rieties of reading and more to do with how ebooks and ereaders might, will, could or should affect reading and the texts themselves.

What’s wrong with eBooks?

This piece by Mike Elgan was posted at Compu- terWorld on September 21, 2009. He begins with a scenario in which you stay up late reading your hardcover copy of a new novel, then continue reading it on your Kindle over breakfast, then con- tinue listening to it on your car radio on the way to work— and then read a little more of it on your iPhone while you’re waiting in line at the DMV. “ You’re loving the fact that you bought all versions of the book in the $ 34.99 bundled edition.”

As Elgan notes, “ this whole scenario is pure fiction”— although perhaps less so in 2011 than in 2009. In the case of the cited novel, you could buy all three versions, but you’d pay a total of $ 76.34. Elgan thinks that’s crazy:

Can someone explain this to me? Since 99% of the value of a book is created before it’s spun off into multiple formats, why does that additional 1% of value cost between 30% and 300%?

I could— indeed, I do argue with the “ since” clause. An audiobook has a significantly different value than a print book, and there are good arguments for the value of an ebook being different than the value of a mass- market paperback being different than the value of a hardback. But Elgan doesn’t buy that and has the usual technologist’s response:

[ Publishers] think they sell paper, glue and ink over here, electronic documents over there, and way over yonder, audio recordings. They spend an inordinate amount of time trying to protect this media from that media. Publishers have forgotten what a book is.

Continued resistance by the publishing industry to change will soon be registered by the Internet econ- omy as damage, and the world will route around it. Books are on the brink of revolution. Publishers won’t be able to suppress progress for long.

Ten years from now, both paper books and dedi- cated eBook readers will be considered high- end luxury devices. The vast majority of reading will be done on cell phones and general- purpose tablet PCs, in both e- text and audio formats.

Ah yes, the lovely theme that the internet routes around damage— like censorship. That’s why the people of China, Egypt and every other nation have full access to everything, because, you know, technology just “ routes around” all this stuff. Why will paper books be “ high end luxury devices” by 2019? Because Elgan says so, apparently.

My advice to publishers is to embrace innovation. We readers want to be thrilled by books in the same way that we’re thrilled by our iPhones, and by Web 2.0 sites.

When Elgan says “ We readers” I want to quote Os- car Brown, Jr,: “ What you mean we, white man?” I’m a damn site more thrilled by a good book than I am by iPhones or “ Web 2.0 sites,” and I suspect that’s true for most book readers. But Elgan tells us what “ we” ( that is, the Royal Mike Elgan) want, and it’s an interesting list.

First, he thinks “ bundled multimedia books” should be the default— that “ we” will be delighted to pay $ 10 more than the current hardcover price Cites & Insights April 2011 19

for a combined hardcover, ebook and audiobook bundle. Sure we will. “ Readers will be thrilled, and you’ll make more money because most readers will buy the ‘ everything version’ at the higher price, rather than just picking one of the versions as they do now.” I assume Elgan believes most readers buy the hardback version of a book, as op- posed to the sad handful who read library copies or wait for trade or mass- market paperback, and he’s asserting they’d happily pay another $ 10. I be- lieve he’s wrong on all counts.

The next one’s even more amusing: He wants ebooks to be “ improved electronically, and on the fly.” Yep. I sure want somebody else “ improving” my books after I’ve purchased them. It makes for a much braver new world.

He wants audiobooks that can be borrowed electronically— and apparently doesn’t believe any libraries actually lend audiobooks. He thinks every book should come “ with its own social network,” or maybe that’s just every “ major” book. Oh, and ebooks should appear first, as should audiobooks. For some reason, he seems to think physical pro- duction takes forever and a day even after all edit- ing is complete, and seems to regard “ a year” for editing and production as the norm.

Audiobooks should be cheaper, because “ it’s a digital file, infinitely scalable,” and of course talent and engineering cost nothing. “ If I can do a pod- cast with an under $ 100 investment, you can sell an audio book for $ 9.99.”

And, almost at the end, we get the final nail in the coffin for publishers: “ Young people aren’t in- terested in books, and it’s your fault.” Except, of course, that simply isn’t true— young people are interested in books.

Kindle for the academic

Alex Golub contributed this to Inside Higher Edu- cation on November 3, 2009, based on his own ex- perience spending two months in Papua New Guinea using a new Kindle for academic and non- academic reading while conducting fieldwork.

Based on that experience, my overall impression is that while the Kindle and other ebook readers might not quite be reader for prime time, they are going to be an important part of academic work in the future.

I copied- and- pasted without change, but I’m guessing “ reader” instead of “ ready” could be a copy- editing error. Still, since this is from a formal publication rather than a blog post, I’m not simply correcting it on the fly.

He says the Kindle “ is designed to let you read mystery novels, not academic books.” Oddly, oth- ers have said that ereaders are better for nonfiction books than for novels, but different people have different perceptions. He found lots of advantages to reading on the Kindle, but also some disadvan- tages— although there’s a touch of sneering in his recital of those “ disadvantages”:

First, it is not a book. If one of the main reasons you read books is feel and smell the pages in order to gratify your self- image as a “ reader” or “ intellec- tual,” then the Kindle is probably not for you. But if, as an academic, you are interested in the con- tent of the book you are reading, then the Kindle’s lack of pages offers a different set of challenges. Most obviously, you must give up being able to remember that the passage you are looking for is on the left or right hand side of the page. More substantively, though, the Kindle makes moving back and forth between endnotes, body text, and bibliographic material a tremendous pain— a key concern for scholars who read by moving through the main text of a book and its scholarly apparatus simultaneously. And I must admit, while it’s nice to be able to search the contents of your book, I somehow feel that flipping through it is a method of browsing that has some obscure but important utility that the Kindle hasn’t yet duplicated.

Bing bing bing: There it is, the booksmeller straw- man, right in the first “ disadvantages” sentence. That and scare quotes around reader and intellec- tual offer nice touches of contempt for people who actually like print books. The other issues may be real ones, and he adds another paragraph about the relative difficulty of annotating books on a Kindle— and the real difficulty of dealing with some illustrations ( the Kindle DX is probably bet- ter in this regard).

Now we get to Golub’s real opinion, foresha- dowed by that “ smell the pages” nonsense:

In fact, I must admit that I think the book as an artifact is already dead. The Internet has created a used book market in which different versions, printings, pressings, covers of books matter not at all. Each book is, in a way, a replica of all the other books of the same title. Getting “ reading copies” of books is now so easy that the e- book feels like the nail in the coffin, not a game- changer.

Huh? The book as collectable is one thing; the print book as a good way to read is quite another. Oh, but Cites & Insights April 2011 20

then he goes on to say that Academics read niche books and libraries can’t afford them, so ebooks should help a lot. ( That may oversimplify.)

But he doesn’t want digital textbooks, and I find his swoony language about the importance of students manhandling their textbooks bizarre. He’s really unhappy that students don’t underline their books enough. It also becomes pretty clear that, to Golub, “ the library” is the set of books a person owns— he doesn’t seem to care much about shared libraries.

There’s more here. Overall, I find it a some- what sad piece. But that may be me. I think I won’t comment on the comments, some of them reason- able, some of them “ young people are…” nonsen- sical and some of them typical “ ebooks will supplant printed versions real soon now” futurism.

what is lost

Barbara Fister on her own blog, Barbara Fister’s Place ( barbarafister. wordpress. com) on December 26, 2009. She purchased and read her first ebook in 2009 on an iPhone.

I don’t plan to repeat the experience, not because it was horrible but because I know too many booksel- lers personally and until it’s easy to buy from them I’m not planning to purchase e- books. But I felt as if I needed some experience with e- books.

I know no booksellers personally ( and, as far as I know, Livermore doesn’t have a general- purpose bookstore) and rarely buy print books, but Fister’s in a different place. Still, it’s interesting to see her pros and cons, spelled out in some detail. The pros are easy:

It didn’t weigh much when traveling and I could read it in the dark on the long shuttle ride from the airport.

The cons? That’s where the post title comes in, and this is a different list than some others would have— it’s an unusually thoughtful set of discus- sions. Excerpts:

First, the pages look ugly. There’s no other way to put it… The design of a page in a printed book is a nearly invisible pleasure. Page design is some- thing I appreciate more since seeing what is lost when it’s absent.

Second, reading on a phone is fine for e- mail and for short form texts on a web page, but it’s hard to get lost in a book when you have to turn pages every paragraph or so…

Third— I don’t like a future for the book in which sharing is disabled and ownership of an immuta- ble copy no longer exists. It bothers me that a cor- poration could reach into my personal library and pluck a book back or alter it. I don’t like the fact that there is no such thing as fair use in a world of licensed content and that I can’t give a friend or family member a book I read and loved…

Fourth [ a discussion of implications of always- connected or - connectable ebooks for personal pri- vacy, one that you need to read in the original].

The second drawback doesn’t apply as much to dedicated ereaders and tablets, to be sure— and the first one isn’t quite as applicable to PDFs. The third and fourth are real problems. Fister quotes Cory Doctorow, certainly a friend of ebooks:

Anyone who claims that readers can’t and won’t and shouldn’t own their books are bent on the de- struction of the book, the destruction of publish- ing, and the destruction of authorship itself. We must stop them from being allowed to do it. The li- brary of tomorrow should be better than the library of today. The ability to loan our books to more than one person at once is a feature, not a bug. We all know this. It’s time we stop pretending that the pi- rates of copyright are right. These people were readers before they were publishers before they were writers before they worked in the legal de- partment before they were agents before they were salespeople and marketers. We are the people of the book, and we need to start acting like it.

Or, you know, just go read the whole post and think long and hard about Fister’s points.

In An Era Of Immediacy, Why Fear The E- Book?

This item ( which appeared January 27, 2010 at npr. org and is by Eric Weiner) is the text version of a four- minute story on All Things Considered. From what I’ve seen and heard in general, NPR is certainly not anti- ebook; if anything, some of their people seem happy to sign on to a postprint future. ( Of course, if new media did replace old media, NPR would not exist, being wholly replaced by PBS, but never mind…)

Weiner saw a woman in a café using a Kindle. She loves it, calling it “ a library at my fingertips.” He was brash enough to ask whether his book was one of the 200 on her machine.

She punched a few keys on her Kindle, and up popped my book. Well, not my book exactly, but the same words that appear in my book. There’s a difference. The printed word has a permanence, a finality to it that digital “ ink” lacks. Digital words are provisional, always subject to change… Cites & Insights April 2011 21

Weiner is confident he’ll get his fair share from ebook sales, but he says he’s not only after the reader’s money:

I have my sights on a much more precious com- modity: your time. We enter into an unspoken pact, you and I: Give me a few hours, stolen mo- ments on the subway or after the kids are asleep, and I promise to inform and entertain you. Frank- ly, that’s always been a tough sell, given the sundry ways you can spend your time, but at least I had a fighting chance.

He thinks multifunction reading devices take away that fighting chance: if his narrative starts to drag even a bit, readers will be off to news sites. Here, I think, is the most cogent comment, one I really haven’t seen discussed much.

… I suppose I could take the I- don’t- care- how- they- read- me- as long- as- they- read- me approach. But that would be naive. Technologies are not neutral. They come with a bias. Not a political bi- as— a narrative bias. A news story broadcast on television, an acutely visual medium, is different from the same story published in a newspaper or broadcast on radio. Form is function. Someone reading a book on a Kindle has a fundamentally different experience from someone reading the same book the old- fashioned way.

Weiner doesn’t believe people will regard ebooks with the same honor they give print books. Is he right? I’m not sure, but it’s worth thinking about.

Yes, it’s wonderful to have a library at our finger- tips. But the digital library is a noisy, crowded place, filled with sports stars and politicians and celebrities. I’m afraid the reader might not even notice I’m there.

The Amazon/ Macmillan spat

No, that’s not the title of a blog post ( it might be, but not one I’m citing). You may have forgotten about the little incident on January 29, 2010— when Amazon “ delisted” all Macmillan ebooks and print books, apparently because Macmillan ob- jected to the $ 9.99 price point for Kindle ebooks.

Cory Doctorow commented at boingboing that same day, in an item entitled “ Amazon and Mac- millan go to war: readers and writers are the civi- lian casualties.” Doctorow gives away ( some of his) ebooks, but he was directly affected in any case: His publisher is Tor, a Macmillan imprint. He looks at this as “ a case of two corporate giants illu- strating neatly exactly why market concentration is bad for the arts”:

If true, Macmillan demanding a $ 15 pricetag for its ebooks is just plain farcical. Although there are sunk costs in book production, including the con- siderable cost of talented editors, copy- editors, typesetters, PR people, marketers, and designers, the incremental cost of selling an ebook is zero…

Unfortunately, Doctorow— while absolutely cor- rect in saying that physicality does account for some of the price of a book— says this in a way that overstates that cost. $ 15 as a pricetag for an ebook that’s available at the same time as a $ 25 hardcover book may be a more than reasonable price. ( He does update the post to say that ebooks “ should be cheaper than print editions.” Some commenters take issue with that as well, since there are cases— e. g., programming books— where ebooks have added value compared to print books.)

If true, Amazon draping itself in the consumer- rights flag in demanding a fair price is even more farcical. Though Amazon’s physical- goods sales business is the best in the world when it comes to giving buyers a fair shake, this is materially untrue when it comes to electronic book sales, a sector that it dominates…

There’s more useful information in the full para- graph: Doctorow approached Amazon about re- moving DRM from Doctorow’s ebooks; Amazon flatly refused.

The rest of the post is about Doctorow’s prima- ry worry: Concentration. That’s a worry because of Amazon ( and, now, Apple). That’s a worry because there are basically five ( or six) publishers control- ling the bulk of trade publishing. ( Doctorow says “ almost all of publishing,” and that’s just wrong— the enormous difference between AAP sales figures and BISG sales figures, billions of dollars, is ac- counted for by tens of thousands of small publish- ers. As to the “ four or five titans that control almost all ebook publishing,” I don’t know enough to comment, although I think that also involves a tricky definition of “ almost all.”) But while I may disagree with some of Doctorow’s facts, I don’t dis- agree with his conclusions and arguments.

That being a boingboing post, there are plenty of comments ( 117 in the first week). Some of them raise an interesting variety of additional points— including the suggestion that people upset about Amazon’s actions should, you know, buy from lo- cal booksellers. There are also, of course, a bunch of technological determinists, only too happy to bow down to the masters of the day— but, of Cites & Insights April 2011 22

course, Doctorow was never suggesting ebooks would or should go away, so there are a lot of strawmen on fire here. ( I also wonder at people’s absolute insistence that the name of the publisher is McMillan or MacMillan when Doctorow consis- tently uses the correct name, but hey…) I don’t know what to say about the person who claims new novels should cost $ 5, of which the author gets “ his 5%”— a person who’s asserting that a quarter a copy is reasonable reward for writing a novel worth reading. Another commenter notes the $ 2/ copy physicality cost that seems to be the typical stated figure these days. On the whole, I found the comment stream worth reading… and the “ Anon” comments more prone to stupidity than the signed comments.

Barbara Fister also commented on the Ama- zon/ Macmillan situation at Barbara Fister’s Place in the post “ another fine mess— Patterson, Ama- zon, and the commodification of reading.” Fister is also published by Macmillan ( full disclosure: several of my books were published by Macmillan’s G. K. Hall imprint; all are now out of print with rights back under my control). Fister writes crime fiction; she doesn’t anticipate making a living from it. She notes some of the topics that seem to do- minate comment threads regarding stories like this and offers her own comments— bringing in the situation with “ James Patterson Inc.,” regard- ing the “ author” who does for writing what Jeff Koonz does for “ art” but with even more success. Her primary topic in a fairly long post is “ the eco- system of books and reading” and the extent to which big publishers have become like McDo- nald’s: filling, fast, predictable— but not enough. Fortunately, the analogy doesn’t hold up in part because a lot of readers want something more than fast books ( just as many diners want some- thing beyond fast food)— and because public li- braries offer a whole lot more than James Patterson. ( Another disclosure. I’ve never read a book “ by” James Patterson. I have no particular desire to do so.)

Do Kindles and Nooks affect reading habits?

My off- the- cuff answer would be “ almost certainly: how could they not?” but Chris Rippel wanted to know more. He did three surveys in early 2010 ( on various Kindle and Nook forums). Given a total of 109 responses, this is decidedly anecdata— and Rippel’s bias is pretty clear in the introduction:

If these devices are here to stay then I feel libraries must provide content and, possibly the devices themselves, to remain relevant to future readers.

This goes neatly from the first half— whether ebooks will be part of the reading landscape ( yes, of course they will) to the single- minded second half (“ to remain relevant to future readers,” lacking any qualification such as “ some” or “ many” on “ future readers”). And, to be sure, the post appears in eBooks in public libraries. Those caveats aside and noting that the results are heavily biased ( all res- pondents are so involved with their ereaders that they participate in online forums), the results aren’t terribly surprising: Of a hundred or so heavily in- volved ebook readers, most read more books, are happy with their ereaders and read differently.

To make sense of the results, I think you need to go to the linked items. I’m not surprised that most of these ereader owners read more books ( actually, that only 76% answered “ many more” or “ more” is a little surprising) and it certainly isn’t surprising that ereader owners think the extremely varied sets of changes in how they read are likely to be permanent. I’m a little surprised that the links are to Word documents; would it have been that difficult to translate them to HTML?

Books Are Becoming Fringe Media

Maybe I shouldn’t bother with this gigaom post by Kevin Kelleher on February 10, 2010— although there are certainly dozens, nay, hundreds of ar- ticles and posts with the same “ As I do, so does everybody” logic and “ If it’s not The Biggest, it’s Trivial” approach to the world.

Kelleher just finished a book— and he doesn’t read many books these days. Oh, and most Kindle buyers are over 55, and… oops, there’s the NEA study again, and the post heads downhill from there. ( When anybody cites NEA “ reading” studies these days as serious sources of information, I assume a comprehension problem on the part of the writer.)

Whether published in ink or pixels, books are fac- ing tough competition from updates, posts, and a blizzard of free, brief and ephemeral writings that distract eyeballs from the task of digesting 300 pages of text.

Whereas radio, TV, music, newspapers and maga- zines posed no distractions at all, back in the good old days. Kelleher goes on to say that, since “ books will change to adapt to the new readers” ( but the new readers don’t read books, do they?), there will Cites & Insights April 2011 23

be less nonfiction. Oh, there might be a few novels even as “ the web takes up an ever larger portion of our mind share,” but they’ll have to “ fight their way back from the fringe.”

Kelleher makes one good point: Many “ busi- ness books” are really pamphlets “ puffed out to book length with heroic amounts of filler.” When he expands that to “ the majority of non- fiction books,” he loses me— and I’ll state confidently that Kelleher has no idea whatsoever of what’s in the majority of nonfiction books.

The heart of this nonsense is the concept that being something other than the dominant me- dium ( which, from a time- spent perspective, books haven’t been at least since TV became popu- lar) means being “ fringe” which, as far as I can tell, means to Kelleher “ unimportant.” It doesn’t help that the first commenter who notes that the num- ber of book titles is expanding is also a death- of- print absolutist, but then this blog presumably has a self- chosen audience.

Will eBooks Create An Elite Reading Class?

Karin Slaughter wrote this on February 22, 2010 at The Huffington Post— and it’s peculiar but interest- ing. She claims the South has so many great writers because public libraries were the only places in town with central air conditioning, but that’s a diversion from her main point ( which follows the correct note that public libraries are fairly recent notions):

On one hand, here [ in an ereader] is a device that can put a limitless supply of books at your finger- tips. On the other hand, here is a device that is so expensive that only a select few can afford it. It seems to me that with digitized books, we are tak- ing a giant leap into the past, when access to lite- rature was available only to those of means.

The possibility of a new “ reading class” isn’t that far- fetched. If the great prognosticators are to be believed, we will be looking at a completely digi- tized book industry within the next ten to fifteen years. Understandably, publishers and booksellers are worried about their place in this future. As for me, I am worried about my readers.

“ The great prognosticators”? I look down from my self- driving flying car and laugh at the great prog- nosticators— and even at worst, there is no consen- sus among prophets that print books are entirely doomed “ within the next ten to fifteen years.”

Slaughter then offers an odd argument:

According to the latest census statistics, the more affluent the members of a household, the more likely they are to own a computer. When income, race and education come into play, the percentage of people without a computer is cut by almost half. One can assume these skewed demographics translate to eBook readers. Minimum wage still trails behind the price of most paperbacks. Do we really expect a person who has to work roughly three and a half hours a day in order to earn the price of a hardcover book to shell out the money for an electronic reader?

To paraphrase Ebenezer Scrooge, “ Are there no mass- market paperbacks? Are there no public li- braries?” Oh, and what on earth does “ When in- come, race and education come into play, the percentage of people without a computer is cut by almost half” mean? I mean, Slaughter’s a “ bestsel- ling author of nine novels”— which isn’t quite as good as being an author of nine bestselling novels, but she should be able to write a coherent sen- tence. ( Or is this HuffPo’s editorial process?)

She accepts that “ prices on readers are bound to drop.” Currently, to either $ 139 or $ 50, depend- ing on your definition of “ reader.” In any case, she’s out to make a different argument— one that ap- parently ignores the existence of these institutions she began with:

[ W] hich books are we going to offer people who cannot afford readers? That seems to be the So- phie’s Choice looming on the horizon. Surely, even with an eBook in every pot, there are still going to be actual paper books in the market- place. Who wants to bet only a certain type of au- thor will be on offer to paper book buyers? Who wants to bet that education, race, and economics will play an even larger role in deciding who has access to certain types of books?

If I was a betting person, I’d cheerfully bet against either of those two propositions— particularly if I’m reading her meaning correctly ( that is, that only books aimed at po’folk will ever appear in pa- per). That’s followed by a series of questions that only make any sense if all future and existing print collections vanish into thin air, so I won’t bother with them.

There are real, legitimate, difficult questions about ebooks and ereaders. And then there are pieces like this, which go to show that there really are extremists on both sides of an issue that shouldn’t have sides.

There were 21 comments before they were closed. The first one’s from a booksmeller— but a booksmeller who doesn’t know the difference be- Cites & Insights April 2011 24

tween “ its” and “ it’s” and moves new books around from room to room before reading them to feel the “ promise.” Hokay. And, sigh, another pseudonym- ous commenter cites the NEA nonsense as gospel.

No jacket required

Here’s one that’s charming enough that I’m mostly pointing rather than commenting: A discussion of four book- related books posted by Tim Martin on February 27, 2010 at FT. com, the online arm of the Financial Times. I’ll just quote the first paragraph of a fairly long essay ( for an online site):

The demise of the venerable codex, or bound book, has been predicted at least since 1899, when HG Wells in The Sleeper Awakes envisaged the entire corpus of human literature reduced to a mini- library of “ peculiar double cylinders” that would be viewable on a screen. More informed commenta- tors have been arguing since the computer became domesticised in the 1980s that it would herald the end of print but, each time, the predicted end of days has rolled around with no sign of an apoca- lypse. As the joke goes, books are still cheap, robust and portable, and the battery life is great.

Martin thinks change is afoot ( correctly)— and doubts that print books are on the verge of vanish- ing ( also, in my opinion, correctly). He also— perhaps correctly— criticizes one of the four “ books,” a two- volume 1,400- page work, because it’s largely a reference work and “ reference is the one area in which electronic texts really excel.” But, as he notes, an e- version is on the way.

To Judge a Nook By Its Cover

Here’s an odd one worth a brief note: Melanie Ben- jamin, July 19, 2010, The Huffington Post. It’s odd given various commentaries about the social na- ture of reading and how ereaders and online fo- rums could enhance that social nature.

This is the flipside, from someone who com- mutes ( sometimes) by mass transit. She makes a point of looking around to see what other people are reading, which she thinks of as a “ form of lite- rary eavesdropping.” But she saw a standing wom- an wholly engrossed in reading— on a Kindle. Which means Benjamin couldn’t snoop eavesdrop on the title of the book.

This made me sad. The community of reading seemed, at that moment, to disappear entirely. I know that’s an overreaction; I know that if I really wanted to, I could have asked the young woman the title of the book she was reading. But that seemed like an invasion of her privacy, and be- sides -- it’s not practical or probably socially ac- ceptable to run up to every person with a Nook and ask him what he’s reading. One might argue this will lead to even more community among readers; personally, I think it will lead to an in- crease in restraining orders.

So, let’s see, snooping “ literary eavesdropping” is a socially beneficial thing, while actually asking what somebody’s reading is “ an invasion of her privacy.” Maybe. The next paragraph is more inter- esting, as she assumes that, if she did engage the reader in conversation, it would be all about the device, not the content.

I will add no further comment… except to say that, if I spent a lot of time on mass transit and really thought other people made a point of seeing what I was reading, that might encourage me to buy an ereader. ( Truth: If I was still flying eight to ten times a year, I would almost certainly own some sort of ereader, albeit possibly a netbook or iPad.) As it is, I’d probably be catching up on science fiction magazines.

To Be Continued

Once again, a PERSPECTIVE is too long for one is- sue— but was written in its entirety. Look for the considerably shorter second section in the next Cites & Insights.

Trends & Quick Takes

Bonus Predictions

I didn’t get these into the earlier roundup, but the January 2011 PC World includes ten “ tech predic- tions to take to the bank” from the editors of PC World, who are of course the experts. They’re not consensus views, they’re from individual editors:

 By the end of 2011, “ a sizable chunk” of the population will use smartphones to make payments.

 All tablets not named iPads will be massive flops. They won’t work well and they won’t sell well.

 3D TV will take off…

 Flash ( drives) will shake up the PC market…

 In two years, “ compact interchangeable lens” cameras will outsell DSLRs.

 All e- readers will be color by the end of 2011.

 Conventional “ feature phones” will “ fade away” in favor of smartphones. Cites & Insights April 2011 25

 Some company ( probably Google) will launch a cloud- based OS that makes sense for the av- erage user. ( Steve Fox says “ most of our com- puting now takes place in the Web browser,” to which I can only say “ speak for yourself.”)

 IPv6 will be the acronym of the year. ( It won’t, but only because it’s not an acronym, it’s an initialism/ abbreviation.)

 Facebook versus Google will become the most relevant rivalry in tech. Oh, and Google Me will tank.

We shall see.

It’s Not the Gear, It’s the Talent

There was a refreshing post title in the Wired blog “ Raw File” on November 19, 2009: “ Hi- Def DSLRs May Be Cheap, But Talent Is Priceless.” The piece is by Brendan Seibel. It concerns the most over- looked aspect of media for those proclaiming that we’re all moviemakers, or should be.

The story notes a short film by Vincent Laforet shot entirely on a prototype Canon EOS 5D Mark II, a camera with “ extraordinary low- light sensitivi- ty and HD video capabilities.” At the time, “ It ap- peared to be an all- in- one movie studio replacement”— and portions of the video commu- nity cheered.

It seemed that a few big Hollywood studios would no longer dominate our viewing agenda, that an indie revolution was imminent and that the dam on a reservoir of creativity had been destroyed. But that has not been the case. So why are we not awash in studio- quality, low- budget flicks? The answer is complex, and it zeros in on an ever more important relationship between the tools of pro- duction and the actual talent of filmmaking— the two of which people often confuse.

A group of indie filmmakers shot a feature- length movie using a different DSLR ( the Nikon D90)— and this time, when trailers were put online, people were “ torn between criticizing the movie as much as the quality of image.” Yes, the new equipment means anybody with a couple thousand bucks to spare can capture high- def images ( although there are issues with shooting high- def video on what’s essentially a still camera)— but so what? Now you have the raw images, which may or may not be movie- quality video. How do you create a worth- while movie from that? Set aside one curious issue: some “ prosumer” equipment shoots at 30 frames per second— but many popular video- editing pro- grams assume the traditional movie rate of 24 frames per second, and converting from one to the other smoothly is a bitch. That’s just the start.

Experienced filmmakers are accustomed to long hours spent in post production, but most dabblers in video will probably lack the time or initiative to fully understand the process involved.

And, of course, making a movie requires talent— not just from the videographer but, for movies with plots and actors, from a whole host of others. Those costs don’t go down just because the consi- derable cost of film goes away entirely and the new cameras are a whole lot cheaper. The underlying issue remains: This stuff is hard.

( One really good comment: “ Give a man a hammer and he will believe he is a carpenter.” Another: “ The greatest word processor in the world will not make you Charles Dickens.” Except that, with fiction, one creative genius can do the whole thing; with video other than possibly docu- mentaries, that’s just not the case.)

Information Wants to be Free?

Not Meredith’s blog— but, in this case, one of Ni- cholas Carr’s more pointed pieces in Rough Type: “ Information wants to be free my ass,” dated Janu- ary 18, 2010. He starts: “ Never before in history have people paid as much for information as they do today.” And, after noting the likely reaction from lots of “ everything’s free” folks, he says “ Sor- ry, sucker. The joke’s on you” and suggests that you do the math— something I’ve suggested from time to time. Namely, add up what you spend for inter- net service, cable TV or satellite, all cell phone costs, landline phone, Netflix, wifi hotpots, TiVo and “ other information services.”

So what's the total? $ 100? $ 200? $ 300? $ 400? Giz- modo reports that monthly information subscrip- tions and fees can easily run to $ 500 or more nowadays. A lot of people today probably spend more on information than they spend on food.

Have you done that calculation? $ 100 is certainly on the low side for a typical American household, I’d guess ( lots of people pay more than that just for cable TV— and these days lots of families pay a lot more than that in cell- phone bills).

Do your own calculations. I come up with $ 119 for our household— but that doesn’t include print subscriptions. I’m pretty sure we’re outliers on the low side for households with heavy computer use Cites & Insights April 2011 26

and plenty of entertainment. Can you come in at less than, say, $ 200?

The reason we fork out all that dough is ( I'm going to whisper the rest of this sentence) because we place a high monetary value on the content we re- ceive as a result of those subscriptions and fees.

That’s not entirely true. We pay $ 60/ year for cell phone service in order to have emergency services available; some folks who basically use cell phones retain a landline for similar reasons. Here’s the money paragraph, though, particularly given the widespread sense that “ information”— that is, ac- tual content— should be free:

It's a strange world we live in. We begrudge the folks who actually create the stuff we enjoy read- ing, listening to, and watching a few pennies for their labor, and yet at the very same time we ca- sually throw hundreds of hard- earned bucks at the saps who run the stupid networks through which the stuff is delivered. We screw the strug- gling artist, and pay the suit.

Is Carr wrong? At least one commenter seems to miss the whole point, arguing that we’re paying less per bit than we used to— but that’s really not the issue. And, to be sure, this person thinks we’ll eventually get Everything as part of those sub- scription fees.

One commenter does raise useful objections. Much of what you pay for Netflix or cable TV goes through to “ content creators” ( or, rather, copyright owners). Several seem to focus on the fact that you can get a lot more these days, but Carr isn’t saying otherwise. He’s saying that in absolute terms people pay more for “ information” today than ever before. And, sure enough, some commenters justify their reluctance to pay for quality content creation by saying they’ve already paid for transmission.

Quicker Takes

According to Shane Buettner in the December 2010 Home Theater, Blu- Ray “ is now officially mainstream.” Over six million copies ( out of 20 million total) sold of Avatar were Blu- Ray; about 17% of U. S. households have Blu- Ray players.

 Christopher Elliott offers an interesting perspective in “ The Insider” column in the January/ February 2011 National Geographic Traveler: “ Savor the Trip, Don’t Tweet It.” El- liott believes an overload of tech gadgets is ruining vacations— that you’ll get more out of a vacation if you shut down the gadgets,

at least some of the time, and just enjoy. Time enough for FB status updates and tweets later. I’m inclined to agree.

 I just love letters to the editor. Two letters in the December 2010 PC World, both about “ The E- reader Wars,” are great examples. The first says that iPads offer a much nicer reading experience than e- ink— because this reader does most of their reading “ in dim rooms where the LCD shines ( literally).” The second says that e- ink “ is much easier on my eyes” and couldn’t take the iPad for ex- tended reading. “ I’m not sure why… maybe the problem is too much contrast, or maybe it’s the fact that I’m staring into a light for an hour?” ( This reader also finds multifunction devices too distracting.) In a world of mul- tiple choices rather than The Single Future, of course, they’re both right.

 It’s been a while, but you can still read “ Kick- startup” by Jason Scott at ASCII, posted No- vember 24, 2009. The easiest way to find it is directly: ascii. textfiles. com/ archives/ 2381. It’s about how Scott, newly laid off from his day job, managed to fund his own sabbatical us- ing Kickstart to the tune of $ 25,000 ( he ac- tually got $ 26,658.) It’s an unusual use for Kickstart, since that crowdfunding system is normally project- oriented, but Scott’s an un- usual person ( profane and a genuinely ta- lented computer historian). He realized that he was actually asking people to fund a star- tup, namely “ Jason Scott Historian.” It’s quite a story. You might find it inspirational. You might not.

 It’s probably worth noting ( belatedly!) that December 2009 marked the final issue of In- ternet Resources Newsletter, another one of those strange gray eperiodicals ( you’re read- ing one of the few that remain). This one lasted 178 issues. The archives are still availa- ble as I write this, at www. hw. ac. uk/ libwww/ irn/ irn. html. In this case, the newsletter died when the editor, Roddy MacLeod, took early retirement. It was a good run for roughly 16 years. Sixteen years… that’s a lot— even with sponsorship. ( If you include Crawford’s Cor- ner as a direct ancestor, C& I has been going even longer— but I’m not sure that you should include it.) Cites & Insights April 2011 27

 To finish off items from 2009 I tagged for T& QT ( OK, I’m behind…), here’s “ From Ci- nepak to H. 265: a brief history of video com- pression” by Anders Bylund at ars technica, dated “ about a year ago” and tagged in late December 2009. It’s an interesting walk through the recent history of video compres- sion— which, one way or another, is the only way HDTV can exist but also one reason so much streamed and online video looks so crappy. ( One item in the story claims that H. 264 compression, pretty much the stan- dard for Blu- Ray and requiring a lot of com- puter power for